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A) Starting current / voltage required:
Sizes of circuit wires has to be increased to withstand higher impulsive voltage which leads to increase in capital cost as well as may lead to higher conductivity losses.
B) Quality of raw material used:
The quality of copper/aluminium used for stamping of a ballast affects the efficiency of the ballast. If the copper/aluminium used is potentially of lesser conductive capacity then the electrical energy supplied from power -

source gets dissipated in terms of heat from ballast instead of getting converted into light energy. This loss may go up to 40-60% of power supplied, resulting in
higher power consumption for the same Lux output from the lamp.
C) Power source input voltage variation:
The large fluctuation in voltage supply results in frequent flashing of a ballast which eventually reduces life span of ballast.

Recommendations:
A) Put emphasis on right quality of RM used for manufacturing
B) Use Electronic ballasts more than electrical chokes.

Advantages of Electronic ballast over choke:
• Saves up to 20% electrical energy consumed by inductive ballast with less power dissipation.
• Power Factor of inductive ballast is less than 0.6. Around 60% of conductivity loss in an inductive ballast is saved due to higher PF in electronic ballast.
• No frequent flash.
• Wide ranges voltage of power supply can be catered.
• No pollution.
• No noise.
• Due to absence of high impulsive voltage to trigger, life of lamp & ballast is increased.

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